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USGS Finds Organic-Matter Sensor Can Track Edwards Aquifer Recharge Risks
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Geological Survey issued Scientific Investigations Report 20265058, 'Continuous Monitoring and Temporal Variability of Fluorescence of Dissolved Organic Matter in Karst Groundwater of the Edwards Aquifer, South-Central Texas, 2019-24,' by Stephen P. Opsahl, MaryLynn Musgrove, Lisa L. Ashmore and Ben T. Jeffries. Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System and the City of Austin, the 29-page report finds that continuous fluorescence monitoring can identify pulses of surface-water recharge and associated contaminant vulnerability in the Edwards
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Geological Survey issued Scientific Investigations Report 20265058, 'Continuous Monitoring and Temporal Variability of Fluorescence of Dissolved Organic Matter in Karst Groundwater of the Edwards Aquifer, South-Central Texas, 2019-24,' by Stephen P. Opsahl, MaryLynn Musgrove, Lisa L. Ashmore and Ben T. Jeffries. Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System and the City of Austin, the 29-page report finds that continuous fluorescence monitoring can identify pulses of surface-water recharge and associated contaminant vulnerability in the EdwardsAquifer. The report was issued in 2026.
The Edwards Aquifer is a major drinking-water source in south-central Texas. Its San Antonio segment supplies water to about 1.7 million people, while the Barton Springs segment supplies about 50,000 Austin-area residents. The aquifer also supports springs, recreation, local economies and habitat for threatened and endangered species.
Because the aquifer is made up largely of faulted limestone, it contains karst features such as solution-widened fractures and conduits that can move water rapidly underground. That rapid movement can also allow contaminants from stormwater runoff, including nutrients, bacteria, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, wastewater-related chemicals and pharmaceuticals, to reach groundwater.
The USGS monitored fluorescence of dissolved organic matter, known as fDOM, at four unconfined groundwater wells in the San Antonio segment and at Barton Springs from October 2019 through September 2024. The sensor readings were collected every 15 minutes and corrected for temperature, turbidity, sensor fouling, calibration drift and interference caused by high dissolved-organic-matter levels.
"Study results indicate that fDOM is an effective proxy for dissolved organic carbon that, in turn, is indicative of the influx of recent surface water and associated contaminants," the report states. The authors found that fDOM provided direct information on the timing and size of pulses of organic material arriving from the land surface.
The study divided the five-year monitoring period into three hydrologic intervals. A normal period lasted from October 2019 through March 2021, followed by a recharge period from April 2021 through February 2022. Rainfall and recharge during that interval raised water levels at the regional J-17 well by more than 20 feet and increased Comal Springs discharge by more than 125 cubic feet per second. A dry period from March 2022 through September 2024 followed, with water levels and spring flows generally below long-term median values.
Responses varied sharply among sites. The Western Oak well showed little fDOM increase during the recharge period despite a roughly 30-foot rise in groundwater level, pointing to more diffuse groundwater flow and relatively low vulnerability to rapidly transported surface contaminants. The Parkwood well had mostly low baseline fDOM values but recorded two recharge-related peaks above 10 micrograms per liter as quinine sulfate equivalents in 2021, a pattern consistent with occasional conduit flow.
The Donella well had more frequent, short-lived fDOM pulses that often accompanied rapid rises in water levels after rainfall. Its highest recorded fDOM concentration was 47 micrograms per liter as quinine sulfate equivalents in April 2020. The report says those brief pulses, which often returned to baseline in less than a day, indicate frequent influxes of recent surface water and comparatively high vulnerability to contaminants entering recharge water.
The Shavano well had the most frequent and largest fDOM pulses among the monitoring wells. Its highest value, 67 micrograms per liter as quinine sulfate equivalents, occurred during a July 2024 recharge event. During the dry period, more than 20 fDOM pulses exceeded 10 micrograms per liter, even when water-level changes were too small to appear in the regional groundwater record. The authors interpret the pattern as evidence of direct surface-water pathways into the unconfined aquifer.
At Barton Springs, the primary discharge point for the Barton Springs segment, fDOM pulses were more frequent and lasted longer than those observed in the wells. The largest pulses appeared at the leading edge of sharp increases in spring discharge after rainfall. The report says this supports the conclusion that Barton Springs is dominated by conduit flow and that much of its water comes from surface recharge that entered the aquifer days to months earlier.
The study found that turbidity below 10 formazin nephelometric units caused little interference with fDOM measurements. Data would be censored above that threshold, though no groundwater or spring values exceeded 70 micrograms per liter during the study and no data required censoring under the 100-microgram threshold used for interference effects.
The report concludes that fDOM monitoring adds a direct measure of organic material linked to recent surface-water recharge, a feature that specific conductance, nitrate and other continuous measurements cannot provide on their own. The method can help water managers identify periods and locations of greater vulnerability to surface-derived contaminants in the Edwards Aquifer.
-- Moira Sirois, Targeted News Service
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View full text here: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5058/sir20265058.pdf
[Category: USGS]
USDA Study Links Poultry Certifications to Lower Salmonella Detection
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service issued Economic Research Report 362, 'Signaling Food Safety: Pathogen Rates of Raw Poultry With Food Safety Certifications,' by Kar Lim, Yuqing Zheng and Michael Ollinger. Issued in September 2026, the report finds that raw poultry products from establishments holding Global Food Safety Initiative-recognized certifications were associated with lower Salmonella detection rates, though the relationship was not consistent for Campylobacter.
The study examines whether private food-safety certifications
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service issued Economic Research Report 362, 'Signaling Food Safety: Pathogen Rates of Raw Poultry With Food Safety Certifications,' by Kar Lim, Yuqing Zheng and Michael Ollinger. Issued in September 2026, the report finds that raw poultry products from establishments holding Global Food Safety Initiative-recognized certifications were associated with lower Salmonella detection rates, though the relationship was not consistent for Campylobacter.
The study examines whether private food-safety certificationscorrespond with lower pathogen rates in U.S. poultry products. The Global Food Safety Initiative, known as GFSI, is a private-sector framework that compares and benchmarks food-safety certification programs. Its framework is intended to support shared food-safety standards and reduce the need for producers and retailers to pursue duplicative certifications.
More than half of U.S. poultry processing establishments held a GFSI-recognized certification in 2023-24, the report says. The study focused on three widely used certification systems: Safe Quality Food, or SQF; Brand Reputation through Compliance Global Standard, or BRCGS; and Food Safety System Certification 22000, or FSSC 22000.
"Retailers and other stakeholders are increasingly relying on Global Food Safety Initiative-recognized certifications to facilitate food safety risk management," the report states. Food producers and retailers use certifications to demonstrate adherence to food-safety practices, support market access and build confidence among buyers and consumers.
The analysis combined federal pathogen-testing results with certification information supplied by certification organizations. It included 13,837 Salmonella tests and 7,519 Campylobacter tests from raw poultry products collected at 592 U.S. establishments between October 2023 and March 2024.
Researchers compared the share of samples testing positive for either pathogen at certified and uncertified plants. Salmonella and Campylobacter are both pathogens associated with poultry and foodborne illness, making them useful indicators for evaluating whether private certification systems are associated with differences in product safety outcomes.
The report found that certified products had statistically lower Salmonella detection rates than uncertified products. The authors used a bivariate probit model that accounts for the fact that Salmonella and Campylobacter tests are often performed together on the same samples. They also estimated separate models for each pathogen and examined whether associations varied by plant size and product type.
However, the report did not find that certified products consistently had lower Campylobacter detection rates. That difference is important because it suggests that certification programs may have varying relationships with different food-safety hazards rather than producing uniform results across all pathogens.
The report also notes differences among the three certification systems. "Differences across individual certification programs suggest that pathogen-specific outcomes may depend on the specific certification system," the authors write. The finding indicates that grouping all private food-safety certifications together can obscure variation in how programs relate to individual pathogen outcomes.
The Economic Research Service says the study does not simply evaluate whether certifications exist; it assesses whether products from certified establishments show different test results. The distinction matters for policymakers, retailers, processors and consumer advocates considering the practical value of certification as a food-safety signal.
Foodborne illness linked to poultry carries substantial costs in the United States, according to the report. Certifications may offer benefits beyond pathogen outcomes by helping firms meet retailer requirements, coordinate food-safety management systems and gain access to markets. Still, the study's results indicate that those potential benefits do not translate into identical outcomes for Salmonella and Campylobacter.
The report concludes that GFSI-recognized certification is associated with lower Salmonella detection in raw poultry, while the connection to Campylobacter detection remains less clear. The authors say the results can inform discussions about the role of certification systems in protecting public health and help processors, retailers, policymakers and consumer groups weigh how to direct food-safety resources.
-- Moira Sirois, Targeted News Service
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View full report at: https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29490/err-362-report-summary.pdf?v=16143
USDA Report Finds Farm Sector Absorbed Inflation and Banking Stress
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service issued Economic Information Bulletin 298, 'Agricultural Income and Finance Situation and Outlook: 2021-23 Edition,' edited by Carrie Litkowski. Issued in September 2026, the report examines farm household finances, farm debt and agricultural banks during the period of elevated inflation and interest rates that began in 2021, finding that the sector faced rising costs but generally showed resilience through 2023.
The report combines three economic studies of a period when consumer prices, farm inputs,
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service issued Economic Information Bulletin 298, 'Agricultural Income and Finance Situation and Outlook: 2021-23 Edition,' edited by Carrie Litkowski. Issued in September 2026, the report examines farm household finances, farm debt and agricultural banks during the period of elevated inflation and interest rates that began in 2021, finding that the sector faced rising costs but generally showed resilience through 2023.
The report combines three economic studies of a period when consumer prices, farm inputs,asset values, agricultural commodity prices and interest rates all rose. Inflation peaked in mid-2022 before easing through 2023, while the Federal Reserve raised the Federal funds rate in an effort to curb persistent price growth. Those moves increased borrowing costs for farm households and agricultural lenders.
Farm household income rose 20 percent between 2019 and 2023, outpacing a 19 percent increase in consumer prices and a 16 percent increase in farm household expenditures. The report says that income and expenditures for all U.S. households grew faster, at 23 percent, but farm households still recorded income growth above the overall rise in consumer prices.
"Farm input expenses grew between 2019 and 2023, but gross farm income grew by more, resulting in strong net farm income growth for farm operations," the report states. Higher off-farm income and higher asset values also contributed to stronger farm-household net worth during the period.
The report found that farm input costs increased but that higher commodity prices and gross farm income generally exceeded the rise in operating expenses. The result was stronger net farm income for many operations despite the inflationary environment. Farm households also benefited from income earned outside farming, which can provide an additional financial cushion when agricultural revenues or commodity prices weaken.
Interest costs, however, emerged as one of the fastest-growing farm production expense categories in 2022 and 2023. The Federal Reserve's rate increases raised the cost of loans used to finance land, machinery, livestock, crop inputs and operating expenses. The report warns that higher interest expenses can place particular pressure on operations that depend more heavily on debt.
More than 3 percent of all farm operations were in extreme financial stress in 2023, the report says. The study defines extreme stress as a debt-to-asset ratio above 55 percent combined with a term-debt coverage ratio below 1. A debt-to-asset ratio measures how much of a farm's assets are financed through debt, while a term-debt coverage ratio below 1 indicates that available income is insufficient to cover scheduled principal and interest payments.
Debt use varied sharply by farm size. About 75 percent of large farms and 68 percent of midsize farms used some debt to finance operations, compared with 23 percent of small farms. Across all farm sizes, nearly one-quarter of farms carried debt. Among borrowing operations, 5 percent of midsize farms faced extreme financial stress in 2023, compared with 3 percent of small farms and 3 percent of large farms.
The report also found an improvement from the preceding year. Among farms with debt, the share classified as under extreme financial stress declined from 2022 to 2023 across small, midsize and large operations. That trend suggests that, despite rising interest costs, many borrowers maintained or improved their repayment capacity.
The report's third study examined agricultural lenders during the regional banking crisis of 2023, when rising interest rates and heavy depositor withdrawals contributed to the collapse of three regional banks. Those failures were among the four largest bank failures in U.S. history, according to the report.
Agricultural banks experienced less deposit loss than non-agricultural regional banks during the early phase of the crisis. Deposits at agricultural banks fell by less than 2 percent on average during the first quarter of 2023, compared with more than 6 percent at the average non-agricultural regional bank.
The report attributes part of agricultural banks' resilience to their higher holdings of liquid assets. Liquid assets can be converted into cash more easily to meet withdrawals, reducing vulnerability when depositors move funds out of a bank. The study also found limited potential for regional-bank distress to severely constrain agricultural lending because regional banks held only about 12 percent of total commercial agricultural loan volume, measured in dollars.
The report concludes that inflation and rate increases created measurable financial pressure for farms and lenders, especially through higher interest expenses. Yet rising farm and off-farm income, increased asset values, declining extreme stress among debt-carrying farms and the relative stability of agricultural banks helped the sector withstand the 2021-23 period.
-- Moira Sirois, Targeted News Service
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View full report at: https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29523/eib-298-report-summary.pdf?v=12026
USDA Economic Research Service: 'Food-animal Veterinarians and the Persistence of Rural Shortage Areas'
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSres) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service issued the following Economic Information Bulletin on September 10, 2026, entitled "Food-animal Veterinarians and the Persistence of Rural Shortage Areas."
Here are excerpts:
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Key Points
* The proportion of veterinary school applicants who are rural residents (14 percent) closely matches the percentage of the U.S. population living in rural areas (13.6 percent). Roughly 45 percent of rural applicants receive at least 1 acceptance into a university veterinary medicine program, compared to 49 percent
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSres) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service issued the following Economic Information Bulletin on September 10, 2026, entitled "Food-animal Veterinarians and the Persistence of Rural Shortage Areas."
Here are excerpts:
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Key Points
* The proportion of veterinary school applicants who are rural residents (14 percent) closely matches the percentage of the U.S. population living in rural areas (13.6 percent). Roughly 45 percent of rural applicants receive at least 1 acceptance into a university veterinary medicine program, compared to 49 percentof urban applicants; however, rural applicants apply to fewer schools.
* From 2021 to 2025, average revenue declined 22 percent to $1.54 million per practice for rural food-animal and mixed-animal veterinary establishments in 2025, a period that saw herds contract. Rural average foodanimal veterinarian real income declined 19 percent from 2017 to 2024 and declined 7 percent for rural mixed-animal veterinarians.
* The structure of veterinary services differs substantially by food-animal species. For example, the focus of veterinary care for poultry and swine is on flock and herd health, aided by remote monitoring, rather than on individual animals. Most veterinary shortages center on medical services for beef cattle--animals that can require more intensive, individualized care and treatment.
* State agricultural health officials nominate shortage areas for the USDA Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program (VMLRP), subject to State allocation caps based on land area and food animal sales. In 2024, 69 percent of shortage areas were unfilled, and most received no applications whatsoever (59 percent of shortage areas). Thirty-one percent of shortage areas were filled (a 61-percent increase from a decade before), meaning that an eligible veterinarian applied and accepted the financial assistance award to serve a specific geographic (shortage) area or practice need during the 2024 application cycle. In this same year, 10 percent of shortage areas received applications that were not awarded or accepted.
Why Does This Matter?
Veterinarian services are a key input into food-animal production because they ensure animal health, wellbeing, and, ultimately, food safety for consumers. Food-animal veterinarian shortages can weaken disease prevention, slow emergency response, and heighten risks to both livestock and consumers, creating potential supply chain disruptions. This is largely because veterinarians serve as the frontline defense against diseases and illnesses that can devastate herds.
When fewer veterinarians are available, infectious diseases such as avian flu and bovine tuberculosis can spread more easily and be detected later, increasing the likelihood of major outbreaks. Livestock may also suffer from untreated injuries and diseases such as screwworm, birth complications, delayed emergency care, and higher mortality, which threaten farm profitability. If these challenges become severe, farmers may struggle to meet market and export requirements. Shortages of food-animal veterinarians therefore represent a significant concern for both public health and food security.
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View the full text here: https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29563/eib-311-report-summary.pdf?v=17254
USDA Economic Research Service: 'Cooperative Extension in Transition: Trends Through 2024'
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSres) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service issued the following Economic Information Bulletin on September 11, 2026, entitled "Cooperative Extension in Transition: Trends Through 2024."
Here are excerpts:
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Key Points
* Total funding for Cooperative Extension grew from 1915 to 1973, stabilized at $3.0-$3.4 billion per year during 1973-2008, and declined slightly to $2.7-$2.9 billion since 2012 as measured in 2020 dollars.
* USDA funding for Extension has fallen about 60 percent from $1.3 billion in 1973 to $498 million in 2024 (in 2020
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSres) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service issued the following Economic Information Bulletin on September 11, 2026, entitled "Cooperative Extension in Transition: Trends Through 2024."
Here are excerpts:
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Key Points
* Total funding for Cooperative Extension grew from 1915 to 1973, stabilized at $3.0-$3.4 billion per year during 1973-2008, and declined slightly to $2.7-$2.9 billion since 2012 as measured in 2020 dollars.
* USDA funding for Extension has fallen about 60 percent from $1.3 billion in 1973 to $498 million in 2024 (in 2020dollars). State and county governments, along with other sources, supplement Federal funds for Extension.
* The decline in USDA and total funding for Cooperative Extension have led to smaller full-time extension staffs.
The number of full-time Extension staff shrank by an estimated 26 percent from 1979 to 2024. The share of fulltime employees working in agriculture and natural resources Extension declined from 44 percent to 40 percent, when averages for 1977 to 1992 and 2007 to 2018 are calculated. The share of employees devoted to youth education has fallen from 26 percent to 18 percent in that same period.
* The changes in funding and staffing levels have impacted U.S. regions differently. The North Central and Southern regions have seen the largest decline in full-time staff numbers from 1980 to 2024 at 37 and 23 percent, respectively.
Why Does This Matter?
The U.S. Cooperative Extension System provides nonformal education and advisory services to farmers, rural and non-rural households, and communities. Cooperative Extension operates through the system of land-grant colleges and universities in partnership with Federal, State, and local governments. The USDA's National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) currently provides the funding and leadership for Cooperative Extension at the Federal level. Improving farming and agricultural practices was the primary rationale behind the creation of the agricultural Extension system but the program's mission has expanded to include the broader goal of enhancing rural and nonrural living conditions.
Extension programming varies based on region and customer needs, but generally falls into agriculture and natural resources; family, community, and economic development; human nutrition, health, and food safety; and youth activities and 4-H program areas. Previous research has shown a reduction in Federal funding for Extension, a decline in the share of Federal funds in Extension's overall expenditures, and the loss of full-time Extension staff. This report extends that research past 2010 and assesses long-term trends in funding, staffing, and resource allocation across Extension programs at the national and regional levels.
Personnel and total funding trends are estimated and are based on assumptions because comprehensive
data are no longer collected by Federal agencies.
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View the full text here: https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29575/eib-297-report-summary.pdf?v=32682
USDA Economic Research Service: 'Agricultural Income and Finance Situation and Outlook: 2021-23 Edition'
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSres) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service issued the following Economic Information Bulletin on September 9, 2026, entitled "Agricultural Income and Finance Situation and Outlook: 2021-23 Edition."
Here are excerpts:
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Key Points
* Farm household income grew 20 percent between 2019 and 2023, exceeding the growth in both consumer prices (19 percent) and farm household expenditures (16 percent). Income and expenditures for U.S. households in general grew by 23 percent, exceeding consumer price increases and farm household income and expenditure
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSres) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service issued the following Economic Information Bulletin on September 9, 2026, entitled "Agricultural Income and Finance Situation and Outlook: 2021-23 Edition."
Here are excerpts:
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Key Points
* Farm household income grew 20 percent between 2019 and 2023, exceeding the growth in both consumer prices (19 percent) and farm household expenditures (16 percent). Income and expenditures for U.S. households in general grew by 23 percent, exceeding consumer price increases and farm household income and expendituregrowth.
* The Federal Reserve increased the short-term Federal funds rate to tame persistent inflation, which resulted in higher interest rates and subsequently higher interest expenses. Interest expenses were one of the fastest growing farm production expense categories in 2022 and 2023. In 2023, more than 3 percent of all farm operations were in extreme financial stress, defined as having a debt-to-asset ratio above 55 percent and a term debt coverage ratio of below 1.
* The agricultural banking sector was minimally affected by the regional banking crisis of 2023. Agricultural banks saw less than a 2 percent decrease in deposits held during the first quarter of 2023, on average, compared to more than 6 percent for the average non-agricultural regional bank.
Why Does This Matter?
This report presents three economic studies of the farm sector during the period of high inflation and interest rates starting in 2021, which had the potential to be detrimental to the financial health of farm operations and house holds. The inflation rate peaked in mid-2022 and then generally fell throughout 2023. This inflationary period was accompanied by higher consumer, farm input, asset, and agricultural commodity prices and higher interest rates. In 2023, higher interest rates and increased bank withdrawals by depositors (including agricultural depositors) precipitated the collapse of three regional banks, representing three of the four largest bank collapses in U.S. history.
The research evaluates the effects of higher prices on farm household income and consumption, analyzes the impacts of rising interest rates on farm financial stress, and reviews the performance of commercial agri cultural banks during the 2023 banking crisis. The find ings provide insight into the potential vulnerability of the farm and agricultural banking sectors while showing their resilience during this period.
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View the full text here: https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29523/eib-298-report-summary.pdf?v=12026
NIST: 'An Instrumented Drop Tower for Impact and Stab Testing'
WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology issued the following technical note on September 4, 2026, by Alexander Landauer, Ran Tao, Amanda Forster, Aaron Forster, and Michael Riley entitled "An Instrumented Drop Tower for Impact and Stab Testing."
Here are excerpts:
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This report describes a 4 m instrumented drop tower (IDT) system in use at the National Institute Of Standards and Technology (NIST). Drop tower systems are a relatively common means of testing various impact-like scenarios, often for armor or padding materials,
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 14 (TNSLrpt) -- The U.S. Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology issued the following technical note on September 4, 2026, by Alexander Landauer, Ran Tao, Amanda Forster, Aaron Forster, and Michael Riley entitled "An Instrumented Drop Tower for Impact and Stab Testing."
Here are excerpts:
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This report describes a 4 m instrumented drop tower (IDT) system in use at the National Institute Of Standards and Technology (NIST). Drop tower systems are a relatively common means of testing various impact-like scenarios, often for armor or padding materials,with controlled impacts at known energies. Although originally designed for standardized stab testing, the capabilities of this IDT have been expanded. In this implementation the system is instrumented to measure accelerations, forces and force distribution, impact velocity, and test piece deformation.
It is modular, with configurable impactor mass, geometry, drop height, specimen or test artifact type, and fixturing. Thus, the drop tower system is suitable for stab testing, impact testing, material characterization, and other related measurements on artifacts ranging from from whole armor and helmeted headforms to specimens of novel impact mitigating materials. Two illustrative examples are provided in this report: characterization of helmet liner foam and stab testing of a novel armor prototype.
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View the full text here: https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=962553
